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Previous discussion of these reactions has focused on whether or not participants were distressed. This study examines the reactions of participants in Milgram's ‘Obedience to Authority’ studies to reorient both theoretical and ethical debate. We review evidence that supports this analysis and shows that it explains the behavior not only of Milgram's participants but also of his research assistants and of the textbook writers and teachers who continue to reproduce misleading accounts of his work. Instead, we argue that it is better understood as providing insight into processes of engaged followership, in which people are prepared to harm others because they identify with their leaders' cause and believe their actions to be virtuous. We review these debates and argue that the main problem with received understand-ings of Milgram's work arises from seeing it as an exploration of obedience. Yet in recent years, increased scrutiny has served to question the integrity of Milgram's research reports, the validity of his explanation of the phenomena he reported, and the broader relevance of his research to processes of collective harm-doing.
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the Learner) was also a good predictor of the maximum shock that participants administered.ĭespite being conducted half a century ago, Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience to authority remain the most well-known, most controversial, and most important in social psychology. Consistent with an engaged follower account, relative identification with the Experimenter (vs. In particular, this was evidenced by (a) all being willing to administer shocks greater than 150 volts, (b) near-universal refusal to continue after being told by the Experimenter that "you have no other choice, you must continue" (Milgram's fourth prod and the one most resembling an order), and (c) a strong correlation between the maximum level of shock that participants administered and the mean maximum shock delivered in the corresponding variant in Milgram's own research. Participants' behaviour closely resembled that observed in Milgram's original research. Post-experimental interviews also assessed participants' identification with Experimenter and Learner. 14 actors took part in an IDR study in which they were assigned to conditions that restaged Milgrams's New Baseline ('Coronary') condition and four other variants.
GINA PANZARELLA PROFESSIONAL
IDR is a dramatic method that involves a director collaborating with professional actors to develop characters, the strategic withholding of contextual information, and immersion in a real-world environment. This was achieved in the present research by using Immersive Digital Realism (IDR) to revisit the OtA paradigm. In recent years new paradigms have been developed to circumvent these challenges but none involve using Milgram's own procedures and asking naïve participants to deliver the maximum level of shock. Attempts to revisit Milgram's 'Obedience to Authority' (OtA) paradigm present serious ethical challenges.